In mongrel, all diseases of the epidermis can be divided into several plain-spoken groups:
Pyoderma - a pustular infirmity caused by way of pyogenic bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, etc.). Pyoderma is the most general diseases of the fleece of any mature group. These comprehend folliculitis, sycosis vulgaris, furunculosis, carbuncles, hydradenitis, impetigo, and innumerable others.
Fungal infections - fungal diseases caused by means of pathogenic fungi: pityriasis versicolor, epidermatofitiya groin, epidermatofitiya conclusion trichophytia, rubrofitiya, candidiasis, blastomycosis, etc.
Viral dermatoses caused past different viruses: herpes simplex and herpes, warts, molluscum contagiosum.
Chronic communicable diseases: tuberculosis of the epidermis, leprosy, Lyme disease.
Parasitic diseases - a really normal collection of strip diseases caused close to various pathogens: mites - mange, demodicosis, lice - lice, leishmania - leishmaniasis of the skin.
Allergic - a group of incrustation diseases caused away an allergic outer layer resistance to something. These comprise allergic dermatitis, toxicoderma, eczema, urticaria.
Neyrodermatozy - diseases caused on the whole nearby changes in the perturbed organization: itchy skin, atopic dermatitis, prurigo.
Psoriasis - the most regular inveterate abrade plague that affects as nails and joints. The following types of psoriasis: an garden, exudative, seborrheic, palmoplantar, pustular,
Dyshidrosis, arthropathic, erythrodermic psoriasis.
Wordy connective network condition characterized via lesions of connective chain take in lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and dermatomyositis.
Autoimmune bullous dermatosis - a disability, the particular or main morphological item face of which is the boil: pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring.
Angiitis of the skin (vasculitis) - dermatitis, characterized during nonspecific redness of blood vessels of varying degrees. There are polymorphous dermal vasculitis, purpura pigmentosa inveterate, knotty angiitis.
Genodermatosis - a hereditary crust murrain, manifested near divers pathological processes in the fell: ichthyosis, keratoderma, bullous epidermolysis, Recklinghausen's disease.
Disorders of skin appendages (sebaceous glands, ringlets and nails) include seborrhea, and the sickness developing as its consequences (eg, alopecia), acne of all kinds.
Dyschromia of the hull constitute a contravention of its pigmentation, chiefly caused past disorders of melanin pigment deposits.
For the benefit of tumors of the incrustation seborrheic keratoses are, cutaneous horn, keratoakantoma, precancer of the pellicle, basal cell carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and fibroma.
Furunculosis (Latin furunculus ferment +-osis) - stafilodermiya, characterized close the trusty hint of new boils at different stages of improvement in sundry parts of the body. So, the disease is defined as a inveterate relapsing fomenting process.
The most frequent sites of localization boils are the cover (the nose and cheeks), neck, shoulders, hips, buttocks. The murrain usually develops on areas of veneer trauma, even nominal, in the make of a distinct cynosure clear, multiple foci are rare.
Predisposing factors are the same as that of a separate boils (derma contamination, scratches, enormous extravasation of distress and sebaceous glands, etc.), as fount as the weakening of the vaccinated significance (weakness in neutrophil chemotaxis, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency say in appropriateness with thymoma, diabetes, etc ..) Moderately again there are cases where furunculosis is a intricacy of other skin diseases such as eczema or scabies.
Individual boils develop as single: on the shell profound agonizing pustule appears bright red in color, reaching 3-5 cm in diameter in the prepare of development, it begins to protrude exceeding the conical healthy shell, forming a necrotic core. After 10-20 days, the autopsy is the boil, accompanied by way of copious purulent necrotic mass. The function ends with scarring of the hearth.
The difference between separate furuncle and furunculosis is that the appearance of multiple boils may worsen the patient: fever may appear, the patient complained of general irresoluteness, headaches. Blood tests revealed leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Practicable complications of the blight regularly come out when it is localized on the head (overlook), neck, meningitis, cerebral sinus thrombosis, sepsis.
Carbuncle - purulent-necrotic irritation of the few mane follicles, which pool to cultivate a distinct inflammatory infiltrate. Inveterately develops as a result of the uniform factors that boil (peel contamination, offence, excessive seepage of stew glands, diabetes, etc.). The disease is localized in the dermis and subcutaneous concatenation, the most familiar duty of bearing formations - the to of the neck, shoulders, rear and drop back.
Since the fervent handle involves a number of whisker follicles, the carbuncle, in discriminate to the boil, a few necrotic cores. Chafed integument is infinitely swells, becomes purplish-red and powered to the touch. In equality, there is deterioration of ordinary condition of the patient: there is a fever (temperature may slope upwards to 40 degrees), inconvenience, nausea or vomiting, severe pain at the spot of localization of redness, the tolerant feels a habitual irresoluteness, diminution of appetite.
After a inexorable period revealed an inflamed follicle, forming several openings which are separated pyonecrotic selection. In its place remains a festering chancre face, which slowly heals (2-4 weeks), and leaves behind a rough star-shaped scar.
Treatment of carbuncle has a few areas:
surgical dissection;
antibiotics and injections of antibiotics around the localization of irritation (in the prematurely stages of advancement), the reception of detoxifying;
UHF;
also appointed next to proteolytic enzymes, disinfectants, and ointments epiteliziruyutsya (levomikol, baktroban, TOMICID).
Fungal infections (dermatomycosis syn.) a organize of diseases of the strip and its appendages (ringlets and nails) caused by pathogenic fungi of divers genera. They occupy a weighty spot mass the mycoses.
Entirety the fungal diseases have identified a platoon of groups: tinea, keratomikozy, candidiasis, and a circle of so-called penetrating mycoses. It also includes a body of psevdomikozov, agents which hold an transitional status between fungi and bacteria.
The most common lamina diseases caused on fungi, are dermatofii, agents which - trihofiton fungi, and mikrosporumy epidermofiton. These incorporate skin diseases eidermofitiya abandon rubrofitiya, trichophytia, crusted ringworm. The most run-of-the-mill of them tinea pedis - athlete's foot and rubrofitiya. Typically caused near red trihofitonom, they can abuse not at worst the hide of the feet and nails, and other hale and hearty areas of the skin. Factors contributing to the development of fungal feet, are breaches of the rules of exclusive hygiene, sanitary-epidemic order in basins, showers, etc., where the mushrooms can be want on wet surfaces, in foul waters.
Less public keratomikozy - fungal diseases affecting lone the appear areas of the stratification corneum of the epidermis, or cuticle hair. Entirety the noteworthy keratomikozov pityriasis versicolor, trihosporiyu nodosum.
The overthrow of the incrustation, nails and hardy b cold ridges observed in the candidiasis - a disease caused past fungi of the genus Candida. Infection occurs at near them in diverse ways, including the growth of candidiasis is possible with irrational abhor of antibiotics, corticosteroids and other drugs, pre-eminent to dysbacteriosis.
The arcane mycoses in Europe are rare - they are distinctive of Africa, South America. Infection occurs when pelt microtraumas. On the skin, there are various bumps, knots, are apt to ulceration. The danger of knowledgeable fungal infections is that they strike the deeper layers of pelt, subcutaneous accumulation, underlying muscles and even bones and internal organs and habitually leads to death.
Treatment of fungal diseases is carried absent from using antifungal agents: ointments, creams and solutions (clotrimazole, terbinafine, lotseril, mikoseptin, nystatin, nitrofungin, etc.) and tablets (Lamisil, levorin, Nizoral, Nystatin, Orungal, etc.). If nail fungus is sometimes required surgery - move of ailing nail.
Wart - a viral dermatosis caused on particular types of human being papillomavirus (HPV).
There are diverse types of warts, depending on the type of agent: vulgaris (stale) are caused alongside pathogens of HPV-2 and HPV-3, plantar - agents of HPV
-1, HPV-2, HPV-4, the downright - the causative emissary of HPV-3, spiky - agents of HPV -6, HPV
-11.
Established (nasty) education are customarily observed in teens and adolescence. They look like pimples flesh pinkish-gray in color with a strongly thickened, extreme fa‡ade, whose dimensions range from 1 mm to 1 cm in diameter. Most time after time they are placed in the hands (the fingers).
Stretched out warts are organize essentially in children and immature adults. They are a multiple entire or ovate papules color with a burnish ameliorate surface, reaching 1-3 mm in diameter. Normally located on the self-respect, neck, case, dorsum of hands, can be located linearly, slightly mainly the even of vigorous skin.
Plantar can arise at any time eon, they enliven the appearance of micro impede unjustifiable sweating (hyperhidrosis) feet. This is regularly multiple, flat, firm to the touch with the production of a wallop surface. Some of them definitely painful, particularly those in the field of pressure during walking.
Genital warts are considered to be diseases, sexually transmitted infections. They are located in the mucous membranes and represent the elements of the nodules, resembling a cock's comb.
Diagnosis of warts is carried gone away from on clinical grounds without difficulty.
Molluscum contagiosum - a viral infection dermatosis.
The causative representative of molluscum contagiosum is a virus pathogenic in search humans. The virus is transmitted around supervise in (including procreative) and inclusive of the put of low-class items (washcloths, sponges, towels, etc.). The disease is more common in preschool children. In persons of mean and stale period murrain provoking factors are long-term treatment of corticosteroids and cytostatics. Every now the disease is accompanied near HIV infection or other diseases, sexually transmitted infections, as an secondary flag of them.
The incubation patch is 2 weeks - 2-3 months. The disease is manifested by the advent of the coating inroad of the virus in places, resourceful, translucent nodules of pink or grayish-yellow color. The amount of such nodules ranges from a handful mm to 1 cm in the center of the component detected a slight indentation. When you click on an ingredient from the deepening of the inside allocation is whitish anaemic mass.
The number of emerged nodules may be original: single most located on the impudence, neck, go of hands; multiple can be localized anywhere on the skin and grouped into peewee pockets. In the containerize of the virus into the body on account of physical get in touch with molluscum contagiosum commonly localized to the pubic area, genitals, inner thighs. In some patients, the elements be prone to merge, transforming into a big-hearted tumor-like formations with rough edges - the ostensible "giant clam".
If untreated, some elements of molluscum contagiosum can vaporize on their own, but the synchronous surfacing of new elements in the then simulated areas of skin.
Psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris),
Mastocytosis - a dyed in the wool illness of the peel, nails and joints, characterized about the show on the skin monomorphic rash. The rash is a lying down papules of various sizes that have to commingle into stout pink-red plaques with silvery scales covering white.
At the wink of an eye it is inseparable of the most banal chronic diseases of the skin. It is suggested that psoriasis is simulated not solitary the epidermis, nails and joints, but also some internal organs (eg kidneys). Manner, this viewpoint is not scientifically proven.
There are a handful theories re the origin of the disease: viral, genetic (genetic predisposition to increased cell build-up), neurogenic (predisposition of the nervous process) and others.
In psoriatic shell revealed acanthosis and papillomatosis piercing, natural of parakeratosis. Thinned epidermis, consists of two or three rows of cells. In the basal layers of the epidermis and the spiculose mitoses ground in the papillary dermis - the extension of capillaries, the inflammatory infiltrate.
The evolvement of the bug is characterized around a medley of start: the disability can start wellnigh unperceived beside the unwavering with the appearance of multiple papules and may distinct impetuous spread of the incrustation interface scars. The infirmity is caused by the seasons: accordingly, the most standard "winter" type with exacerbations during the bitter-cold season, at least - "summer". Also, now there is a half-bred prototype of exacerbation which spring up at any heyday of year.
There are certain forms of the disease: psoriasis routine exudative, pustular, seborrheic, hand-foot, arthropathic, psoriatic erythroderma.
Dermatitis - graze lesions of an insurgent personality, resulting from physical impact on it. There are simple and allergic graze lesions.
The emergence of dull-witted dermatitis occurs when exposed to pledge stimulus: chemicals (acids, alkalis), sawbones influence (high or low temperatures - a waste or frostbite, dispersal, mechanical emphasis, charged advised, etc.). The passionate change develops in the pelt at the orientation is strictly stimulus effects, and its severity depends on the force and uncovering time stimulus, as manifestly as the properties of the lamina and the localization of rebellious lesions. There are three stages of the complaint: erythematous, vesicular-bullous and necrotic. If adverse effects on the crust is constantly, you might congestive erythema, infiltration and desquamation of the skin.
A simple form occurs closely after disclosure to the stimulus, ie develops without the incubation period. The exclusive exceptions are burns, frostbite, prominently areas of skin, a clinical embodiment that pretty hard.
Atopic dermatitis develops as an allergic counteraction of delayed group to the stimulus. Allergens are on the whole chemical substances (detergents, chromium, nickel, insecticides), medication (sintomitsinovaja emulsion and other ointments, which are put forward in the antibiotics) and cosmetics (eg tresses dyes).
The clinical picture of allergic nature of the sickness is as follows: the shell reddens without the formation of utterly boundaries and swells, it formed microvesicles, hemispherical blisters with apprehensible or dim purport, which at the launch of leaving behind a weeping mikroerozii, scales, crusts.
The clinical picture of atopic dermatitis differs from the simple fact that the elementary affects the shell, not not on the effects of stimulus site, but also extends beyond its effects. For model, the effects of an allergic compensation to poor attribute ink can spread on the gutsiness, neck and even-tempered chest. Egocentric feelings of the acquiescent is most oftentimes characterized by a distinct itching.
Itching - a requisite in which the phenomenon of serious matter are changes in the on pins system. Itching - the sense of foreboding that causes the necessity to comb the skin. Undoubtedly, this view of drag, but in modified profile, which occurs when a retiring stimulation of cutaneous fortitude endings responsible for the duration of pain perception. Some scholars play a joke on identified in mortal skin-specific receptors that sense an itch.
There are two types of pruritus:
physiological arising bites and crawling insects on the overlay;
pathology that occurs in diseases.
The causes of itching are a variety of pathological lesions of the upset plan, digestive system, diseases of the endocrine class (diabetes), metabolic disorders (atherosclerosis), and life-threatening diseases of internal organs, blood, toxemia of pregnancy, worm infestation, a several of fell diseases (eczema, atopic dermatitis, a red lichen planus, scabies, etc.). In definite strip diseases, itching is their only clinical manifestation. The pathogenesis of pruritus was not significantly wilful, but it is known that in its materialization involves neural, humoral, vascular mechanisms.
There are generalized and localized itching.
Generalized pruritus is characterized nearby paroxysmal, his seizures usually crop up in the evening and unendingly time. Is intolerable rune, so much a unbalanced bark brushing, plucking the epidermis. Scratches are linear or dot character. In some cases, there is a generalized itching all the time.
Categorize the following subtypes of generalized itching: out of date, high-altitude, solar (light). An old staff appears in the senile (beyond 60) and is due to involutional (presenile) processes in the body including the skin. High-rise is observed when people knoll to a extreme fell of once again 7000 m above quantity above-board, it arises as a result of stimulation of baroreceptors. Suntan is due to prolonged photosensitivity.
A localized pine is characterized past small, it inveterately occurs in the anus, alien genitalia. Etiologic factors such forms are itching inveterate inflammation in the pelvic organs (prostate, adnexitis, etc.), helminth infection, trichomoniasis, enzymatic disorders of the mucous membrane of the rectum, genital changes that surface in menopause. Continued endurance of itching can lead to complications in the shape of accession pyococcus infection candidiasis.
In patients with localized integument ulcers observed irritability, nod off disturbance might, dying of appetite.
Atopic dermatitis - a long-standing fell bug of fomenting description, which is characterized by way of the arrival of erythematous-lichenoid lesions are tending to mergers and the composition of foci of papular infiltration and morphological changes of the skin (its seal, a disobeying of the assume).
There are two types of neurodermatitis: spread out and limited. About is an allergic compensation to the stimulus. It can belief poor nutrition, intoxication, impaired functioning of the internal organs (liver, brook, kidney), the centers of other persistent infections, as well as practicable disorders of the dominant worked up plan, autonomic group, disorders of the endocrine nature (eg, impaired functioning of the pituitary-adrenal axis). The sheer job in the event of this infirmity are disorders of the sensitive and endocrine systems. It can come about at any age.
The ranking symptom is the show of periphrastic neurodermatitis papules pale pink, subjectively characterized beside itching. Papules tend to merge into continuous lesions with subsequent lichenification of the skin. Such centers as a rule are located on the flexor surfaces of the extremities - elbows, knees, wrists, and on the lateral surfaces of the skin. Other changes in the fleece crop up on the reputation, encourage and thorax ' on the pellicle appear pink erythema, with no perceptibly boundaries and characterized near slight desquamation. The tenacious complains of constantly growing itching, scratching causes the lesion sites microtraumas, cracks, color changes in certain areas of the coating, itchy and dialect right coruscating tack dish, looks like polished. Because scratching can fasten pyococcus infection. The fleece becomes dry, succeeding gray.
The patient observed the following clinical symptoms: be in the arms of morpheus melee, desire disadvantage, hypotension,
Porphyria, weakness, exhaustion, hypoglycemia, etc. The dogged becomes irritable, sobbing, it may be lowering of fuselage weight.
The disease is characterized by a prolonged course with a relevant of swelling subsided during the summer months. Perhaps the sequence of this health circumstances until the erythroderma. This may be due to an unfavorable lecture of the disease, unbefitting treatment, is an irritant to the skin.
Precise neurodermatitis affects small areas of the excoriate, the most frequent localization - rear and side of the neck, the abrade hither the ankles, in the genital area. Lesions in the little description are divided into three zones:
center, the main feature of which is lichenification of the decorticate;
Depressing - that area of the incrustation, which rise bright papular indiscreet of peewee rate;
peripheral, characterized via hyperpigmentation of the skin.
Seborrhea - a cancer characterized by enhanced leaking of the sebaceous glands, as successfully as changes in the chemical make-up of sebum.
The etiology of seborrhea is not unclear. Changing the chemical formulation of sebum leads to the check of bactericidal properties of sebum. As a upshot, the healthy microflora of the coating is transformed into pathogenic. The tumult of secretion of sebaceous glands are most of the time caused at hand an imbalance between estrogen and androgen hormones in the rule of the latter. Most again this occurs at the grow older of 14-25 years.
Histologically, this murrain are observed hyperkeratosis, sebaceous gland hypertrophy, infiltration around veneer appendages and blood vessels. Hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands caused away checking of the choice sebaceous secretion that occurs as a fruit of enhanced keratinization.
The most around at sites of localization are those seborrhea pellicle, where there are the greatest million of sebaceous glands - the fa‡ade, scalp, coffer and back. There are three forms of it: a stiffish (rigid and running), and wearying blended.
If there is a halfwitted flattering seal and reduced ductility of the skin, which becomes brownish-grayish color. Then a clogged sebaceous gland epithelial cells rejected impregnated with sebum, - there is a comedo. If the comedo squash in sight of the excretory duct of the sebaceous glands pass a thick mass of tallow. The hair in this way of the infirmity become churlish, tough. Complications - boils, abscesses, and folliculitis.
The fluent cultivate is characterized near fatty losneniem abrade pores greatly expanded, including mountains of sebum released. The ringlets of the chief executive officer look like oiled, are glued to solitary strands, they detected a heavy-set number of yellowish scales; tenable alopecia. Among the complications produce folliculitis, boils, sycosis, impetigo.
Prosaic seborrhea extraordinary reduced excretion of portly, abounding in aspect on the scalp and hair, horny scales. The scales appear, as a standard, or the usually head, or in the occipital-parietal sector, and they are easily separated and in to the clothes. Locks becomes waterless and brittle. In this type of contagion on the crust appear pink or reddish spots, which can be seen on the outwardly of numerous matter-of-fact scales - seboreidy.
The tiring look of the affliction is accompanied nearby subjective sensations: patients squawk of a ambiance of tightening of the pelt, tingling, especially growing after washing with gelid water. Adulterated seborrhea is characterized sooner than enhanced excretion of plenteousness in the forehead, nose and chin (T-zone) and tedious incrustation on the cheeks. On the scalp, increased excretion of portly was observed but in the frontal and parietal regions.